[39]Forhelpfuloverviews,seeSambanis,“ReviewofRecentAdvancesandFutureDirectionsintheLiteratureonCivilWar”;CollierandSambanis,UnderstandingCivilWar;BlattmanandMiguel,“CivilWar.”
[40]UppsalaConflictDataProgram(1948—present),http:pcr.uu.seresearchUCDP.
[41]TheCorrelatesofWarProject,http:correlatesofwar;SmallandSinger,ResorttoArms;Gleditsch,“RevisedListofWarsBetweenandWithinIndependentStates,1816—2002”;SarkeesandWayman,ResorttoWar;Reiter,Stam,andHorowitz,“RevisedLookatInterstateWars,1816—2007.”
[42]Dixon,“WhatCausesCivilWars?,”730;LounsberryandPearson,CivilWars,viii;Newman,UnderstandingCivilWars.
[43]Thoughforarecentexception,spanningthecenturiesfromancientRometoAfghanistan,seeArmitageetal.,“AHRRoundtable:EndingCivilWars.”
[44]GuldiandArmitage,HistoryManifesto;Armitageetal.,“Lalongueduréeendébat.”
[45]Armitage,“What’stheBigIdea?”;McMahon,“ReturnoftheHistoryofIdeas?”;McMahon,DivineFury,xiii.
[46]McMahon,Happiness;McMahon,DivineFury;Forst,TolerationinConflict;Rosenfeld,CommonSense;Fitzmaurice,Sovereignty,Property,andEmpire,1500—2000;Kloppenberg,TowardDemocracy.
[47]Fitzmaurice,Sovereignty,Property,andEmpire,1500—2000,20;Dubos,Lemalextrême.
[48]DeRouenandHeo,CivilWarsoftheWorld.这是一个更易于把握的主题概要。
[49]Manicas,“War,Stasis,andGreekPoliticalThought”;Berent,“Stasis,ortheGreekInventionofPolitics.”
[50]Gardet,“Fitna”;As-Sirri,Religi?s-politischeArgumentationimfruhenIslam(610—685);Ayalon,“FromFitnatoThawra”;Martinez-GrossandTixierduMesnil,eds.,“Lafitna:Ledésordrepolitiquedansl’Islammédiéval.”
[51]Similartermsfor“internalwar”arefoundinFinnish,Persian,andTurkish.Kissane,NationsTornAsunder,39.
[52]Armitage,“EveryGreatRevolutionIsaCivilWar.”
[53]Armitage,“CosmopolitanismandCivilWar.”
第一章发明内战罗马传统
[1]Loraux,DividedCity,trans.PacheandFort,108.
[2]Nicolet,Demokratiaetaristokratia;Wiedemann,“ReflectionsofRomanPoliticalThoughtinLatinHistoricalWriting,”519.
[3]“AemulumqueThucydidisSallustium”:VelleiusPaterculus,Historiae2.36.2;Scanlon,InfluenceofThucydidesonSallust;Pelling,“‘LearningfromThatViolentSchoolmaster.’”
[4]Botteri,“Sta?si.”
[5]Clavadetscher-Thürlemann,ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΣundbellumiustum,178–83;Wynn,AugustineonWarandMilitaryService,128–31.
[6]Rosenberger,Bellaetexpeditiones.
[7]Keenan,WarsWithoutEnd,32.
[8]Jal,Laguerrecivilea?Rom,19–21;Urbainczyk,SlaveRevoltsinAntiquity,100–115;Schiavone,Spartacus.
[9]RobertBrown,“TheTermsBellumSocialeandBellumCivileintheLateRepublic,”103.
[10]对罗马civitas的理解,详见Ando,RomanSocialImaginaries,7–14。
[11]harvey,RebelCities;Hazan,HistoryoftheBarricade.
[12]Brett,ChangesofState.
[13]Plato,Republic462a—b,inCollectedDialogues,701(translationadapted).
[14]Gehrke,Stasis.
[15]Price,ThucydidesandInternalWar,30–32.
[16]Plato,Republic470b—c,inCollectedDialogues,709.
[17]Plato,Laws628b,629d,inCollectedDialogues,1229(translationadapted),1231;Price,ThucydidesandInternalWar,67–70.
[18]Stouratis,“ByzantineWarAgainstChristians”;Kyriakidis,“IdeaofCivilWarinThirteenth-andFourteenth-CenturyByzantiu”
[19]Panourgía,DangerousCitizens,81–86.
[20]Loraux,“Oikeiospolemos.”
[21]Plato,Republic471e,inCollectedDialogues,710.
[22]Thucydides,EightBookesofthePeloponnesianWarre3.81–83,trans.Hobbes,187–90.对“党争”的描述后面紧接的那部分,现在普遍认为是后补插叙。Fuks,“ThucydidesandtheStasisinCorcyra”。
[23]霍布斯是第一位将修昔底德的著作从希腊文翻译成英文者;而更早期的英文版TheHystoryWrittonebyThucididestheAthenyanoftheWarre,WhicheWasBetwenethePeloponesiansandtheAthenyans,是由Nicolls从ClaudedeSeysell的法文译著所翻译的。同样,避免了使用civilwar这个词,替代的是civiledissention,cyvillseditions和cyvillbattailles等词。17世纪20年代霍布斯进行翻译时的政治语境——完全不同于17世纪40年代的内战时期——参见Hoekstra,“Hobbes’sThucydides,”551–57;现代对修昔底德的普遍理解,参见HarloeandMorley,eds.,ThucydidesandtheModernWorld。
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